Annexure-1

VITALITY AND DOMAINS OF USE OF THE

LANGUAGES OF PAKISTAN

Language	Domains of Use	Vitality	Source
Aer	Used in all functions within the group. Worship songs in Gujrati	Women monolingual. Men multilingual, generally in Sindhi. No evidence of language shift.	Jeffery 1999
Badeshi
Bagri	Used in all functions within the group. Used in weddings; to tell Jokes; in songs. Not close to any other language	All multilingual mostly in Sindhi. No evidence of language shift.	Jeffery 1999
Balti	Used in all functions within the group. Used by teachers as informal medium of instruction for small children if they are MT speakers themselves. Also cultivated by language activists, media persons (radio announcers etc).	Some bilingualism in Urdu especially among the educated and the employed. Positive attitude to MT. Desirous of learning to read their language. No evidence of language shift.	Backstrom in SSNP-2 1992
Bhat		All multilingual mostly in Marwari.	Jeffery 1999
Bhil Sindhi	Used in traditional ceremonies and worship.	Bilingualism in Sindhi.	Jeffery 1999
Bhil Tharadari	Used in all functions within the group.		Jeffery 1999
Bashgali (Eastern Kativiri)	Used in all functions within the group.	Positive attitude towards the MT but men multilingual in Pashto and surrounding languages. Difficult to predict language shift.	Decker in SSNP-5 1992.
Bateri	Used in all functions within the group.	Some multilingualism in Pashto and Urdu especially among the educated and those who travel on business. Positive attitude towards MT. No evidence of language shift.	Hallberg in SSNP-1 1992.
Bhaya
Burushaski	Used in all functions within the group. Used by teachers as informal medium of instruction. Also cultivated by language activists, media persons etc.	Increasing bilingualism in Urdu and English however, the language is being maintained desirous of learning Urdu and English but expressing positive feelings for MT.	Backstrom in SSNP-2 1992
Chilisso	Many speakers do not use the language even at home.	Bilingualism in Shina. Language shift to Shina in progress. People want their children to learn Shina and Urdu.	Hallberg in SSNP-1 1992.
Dameli	Spoken by older people at home but younger people use other languages also.	Multilingualism in Pashto and Khowar. However, positive attitude to MT is expressed. Possibility of language shift to Pashto.	Decker in SSNP-5 1992.
Dehwari
Dhatki	Used by the Malhi group for all functions. Urdu and Sindhi used for songs	Multilingualism in many languages.
Dogri
Domaaki	Possibly used by very few elderly people with each other. Most people do not know it.	Language shift to Burushaki is complete with no hope of reversal.	Backstrom in SSNP-2 1992
Gawar-Bati	Used in all functions within the group.	Multilingualism in Pashto and to a lesser extent in Khowar. Positive attitude to MT. However, the language is under pressure by Pashto.	Decker in SSNP-5 1992
Ghera	Used for all functions within the group.	Multilingualism in Sindhi and Urdu. Getting influenced by both.	Jeffrey 1999
Goaria	Used for all functions within the group. Hindi used in worship. Children use Sindhi and Urdu.	Multilingualism in many languages. Children use Sindhi or Urdu with outsiders.	Jeffery 1999
Gowro	Still spoken by the older people but younger people mix it with Shina and sometimes speak only Shina.	Bilingualism in Shina. Language shift to Shina in progress.	Hallberg in SSNP-1 1992.
Gujari	Used in some communities but not among in Gujars settled in the Punjab and Azad Kashmir. Language activists are creating literature in the language. Songs, music and other things are broadcast from the radio and there is a TV programme from India.	Multilingualism in many languages and especially Urdu among the educated. In the NWFP, Northern areas and parts of Azad Kashmir the language is maintained. In the Punjab and near Muzaffarabad and Mirpur there is language shift to the local languages. Educated people use Urdu.	Hallberg and O’ Leary in SSNP-3 1992
Gujrati	Used for conversation within the family but younger people are switching to Urdu or English (depending on socio-economic class). All kinds of literature exists. Used in the media and in the state of Gujrat in India.	Multilingualism in Urdu and English as well as other languages. Language shift to Urdu and English is in progress at least in Pakistan.	Field research in Karachi.
Gurgula	Language used within community is strong.	Multilingual in many language.	Jeffery 1999
Hazargi	Used in the group for all functions.	Multilingualism with Pashto, Balochi and Persian. Language is under pressure.
Jadgali
Jandavra	Private.	People proud of their language.	Jeffery 1999
Jogi	Used in the group for all functions.	Women slightly bilingual in Sindhi. Men preficent in Sindhi.	Jeffery 1999
Kabutra	Used in the group for all functions.	Multilingual in many languages. Positive attitude and pride in language. No shift.	Jeffery 1999
Kachchi (Bhil)	Used in the group for all functions.	Bilingualism in Sindhi. Being rural it is maintained at presest shift to Sindhi going on.	Jeffery 1999
Kachchi (Katiawari)	Used by older people in some domains.	Shift to Sindhi going on.	Jeffery 1999
Koli Kachi	Used for all functions within the group.	Multilingualism in Sindhi but language being maintained.	Grainger & Grainger 1980: 42
Koli Parkari	Used for all functions within the group.	Multilingualism in Sindhi but language being maintained.	Grainger & Grainger 1980: 42
Koli Wadiyara	Used for all functions within the group.	Multilingualism in Sindhi but language being maintained.	Jeffery 1999
Koli Tharadari	Used for all functions within the group.	Men Multilingual in many languages. Women and children maintain the language	Jeffery 1999
Kalami	Used for all functions within the group.	Widespread bilingualism in Pashto. Educated people also know Urdu. Attitude towards MT positive and no language shift is observed.	Rensch in SSNP-1 1992
Kalasha	Used for all functions within the group.	Positive attitude to MT but those who convert to Islam shift to Khowar or the language of the spouse. Some multilingualism in Khowar and Urdu because of tourism and education. The language is under pressure and there is a possibility of language shift.	Decker in SSNP-5 1992.
Kalkoti
Kamviri	Used for all function within the group.	Multilingualism in Pashto and surrounding languages. Positive attitude to MT but under pressure by Pashto.	Decker in SSNP-5 1992.
Kashmiri	Small diaspora in Pakistan but used for all function within the Valley of Kashmir held by India. All kinds of literature available. Used in media and in teaching etc. Also taught at university level.	Multilingualism with Urdu and the local languages. Language shift in progress in Pakistan but is maintained in India.	Aziz 1983; Bukhari 2000.
Kati
Khetrani
Khowar	Used in all domains in the group. Used by teachers as informal medium of instruction for small children if they are MT speakers themselves. Also cultivated by language activists, media persons (radio, TV announcers etc).	Some bilingualism in Pashto, local languages and Urdu, the last especially among the educated and the employed. Positive attitude to MT. Desirous of learning to read their language. No language shift observed.	Decker in SSNP-5 1992.
Kohistani (Indus)	Used for all functions within the group.	Multilingualism in Pashto and Shina is not common even among them. Positive attitude towards MT. People want it as a medium of instruction for small children. No language shift is observed.	Hallberg in SSNP-1 1992.
Koli (Kachi)	Bilingualism in Sindhi.
Koli Parkari
Kundal Shahi	Used only by the elderly in the family. No longer used by children.	Language shift to local language and Urdu in progress.	Baart and Abdurehman 2003.
Lasi
Loarki	Used for all functions within the Loar group	Multilingualism in Sindhi and some knowledge of Urdu.	Jeffery 1999
Marwari (Southern)	Used in all domains of the group.	Multilingualism in Sindhi.
Memoni
Od	Used in some Od communities while others use local languages.	Multilingualism in surrounding languages. Language shift in progress in this iterant community.	Grainger & Grainger 1980: 31
Ormuri	Used for most functions in the Kaniguram area. Words of Pashto are common among young people.	Bilingualism with Pashto. Though positive attitude to MT is expressed, language shift to Pashto is visible.	Hallberg in SSNP-4 1992: Barki PC 2000.
Pashai
Persian
Phalura	Used at home. Used informally by teachers.	Multilingualism in Khowar, Pashto and Urdu. Language shift to Khowar in evidence. However, ethnic Kalasha have shifted to Phalura in some areas. Vitality picture mixed.	Decker in SSNP-5 1992.
Rabari	Used in all domains of the group.	Being maintained.	Jeffery 1999
Sansi	Used for worship and weddings.	Multilingualism in Sindhi and slightly in Urdu and Siraiki. No language shift observed.	Jeffery 1999
Shina	Used in all domains in the group. Used by teachers as informal medium of instruction for small children if they are MT speakers themselves. Also cultivated by language activists, media persons (radio announcers etc).	Considerable bilingualism in Urdu especially among the educated and the employed. Positive attitude to MT. Ambivalent about learning to read their language. No language shift observed. However, there is pressure of Urdu.	Backstrom in SSNP-2 1992
Sochi	Used in singing, weddings and telling stories.	Multilingualism in Sindhi and slightly in Urdu.	Jeffery 1999
Torwali
Ushojo (Ushuji)	Used at home at least by the older speakers. There is much mixing of Pashto.	Multilingualism in Pashto and Torwali but educated people know Urdu. Young people who know the MT use Pashto in some areas. Language is under threat from Pashto. Language vitality is varied and mixed.	Decker in SSNP-1 1992
Vaghri	Used in private domains.	Bilingualism in Sindhi. Positive attitude to the language in spite of pressures.	Jeffery 1999
Wadiyara
Wakhi	Used in all domains of the group. Language activists and radio broadcasters also cultivate it.	Bilingualism with Urdu among younger, educated people. Also knowledge of Burushaski. Positive attitude towards MT. Desirous of learning the written language in school. However, the language is under pressure from Urdu.	Backstrom in SSNP-2 1992
Wanetsi (Waneci)	Used in private domains but those who live in cities do not use it.	Bilingualism with Pashto. Positive attitude towards MT. However, under pressure from Pashto.	Hallberg in SSNP-4 1992. Askar n.d.
Yidgha	Used for in group functions. Used informally by teachers and for explaining religious texts.	Multilingualism in Khowar and sometimes Urdu, Persian and Bashgali. Language shift to Khowar in evidence.	Decker in SSNP-5 1992.

REFERENCE

Jeffery, David. 1999. Sindh Survey Month November 1996, unpublished report (quoted by the kind permission of the author).

SSNP. 1992. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan Vol. 1: Languages of Kohistan (eds.) 1992. Rensch, Calvin R; Decker, Sandra J. and Hallberg, Daniel G. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies & Summer Institute of Linguistics.

------. Vol. 2: Languages of Northern Areas. 1992. (eds.) Backstrom, Peter C. and Radloff, Carla F. As above.

------. Vol. 3: Hindko and Gujari. 1992. (eds.) Renscsh, C.R; Hallberg, C.E. and O’ Leary, Clare F. As above.

------. Vol. 4: Pashto, Wanechi, Ormuri. 1992. (ed.) Hallberg, D.G. As above.

------. Vol.5: Language of Chitral. 1992. (ed..) Decker, Kendall D. As above.