Box-1
Language	Percentage of Speakers	Number of Speakers
Punjabi	44.15	66,225,000
Pashto	15.42	23,130,000
Sindhi	14.10	21,150,000
Siraiki	10.53	15,795,000
Urdu	7.57	11,355,000
Balochi	3.57	5,355,000
Others	4.66	6,990,000
Source: Census 2001: Table 2.7. The population is assumed to be 150 million in 2003 as it was 132, 352,000 in 1998 and the growth rate is 2.69 per cent.

Box-2 Persian

Attār, Farīduddīn. c. 12-12C. Pand Nāmā. Multan: Maktabā Shirkat-i Ilmiā, 1959 [Urdu meanings in margins by Sajjād Hussain].

Bukharī, Sharfuddīn. c. 14C. Nām-i Haq. Karachi: H. M. Saīd Company.

Ghanīmat, Muhammad Akram. 1684. Masnawī Naurang-i Ishq.

Hāfiz, Shams Uddīn. c. 14C. Dīwān-i Hāfiz, numerous reprints.

Inayatullāh, Sheikh. 1650-51. Bahār-i Dānish. Lahore: Punjab Adabī Academy, 1962.

Jāmī, Abdur Rahmān. c. 15C. Yūsuf Zulaikhā, numerous reprints.

Nizāmī, Jamāl ud Dīn Abu Muhammad Ilyās. c. 12C. Khamsāh [containing Makhzan ul-Asrār (1188), Shīrīn-Khusrao 1180), Haft Paikar (1197) and Sikandar Nāmā (1197)].

Sa‘adī, Muslehuddīn. 1257. Gulistān, translated into English. R. P. Anderson. Calcutta: Thacker Spink & Co, 1861.

------. 1258. Bōstān. Multan: Maktabā Haqqāniā [Urdu meanings in margins by Sajjād Hussain].

-----. c. 13C. Karīmā. Multan: Bairūn Bōhar Gate [Urdu words in margins by Qāzī Sajjād Hussain].

Box-3

ARABIC TEXTS USED IN THE MADRASAS

The following books have been commonly used in South Asia madrasās. Those not in use nowadays are marked with an asterisk. Those in the original Dars-i Nizāmī as given by Sufi (1941:73-75) are in bold type.

Sarf (morphology)

Abwāb. c 19C. Abwāb al-Sarf by Hāfiz Muhammad bin Barak Allah Lakhwi (d 1893).

Bahāī. c 16C. Sarf-i Bahāī by Muhammad bin ‘Abd al-Samad al-Harīsī, known as Sheikh Bahā’ al-Dīn (1546-1621).

Fusūl. c. 17C. Fusūl-i Akbarī by ‘Alī Akbar Allahābādī (d 1680).

Irshād (S) n.d. Irshād al-Sarf by ‘Abd al-Karīm.

Mirāh .n.d. Mirāh ul-Arwāh by Ahmad bin ‘Alī bin Mas ‘ūd.

Mīzān. n.d. Mīzān al-Sarf by an unknown author (Sheikh Sā ‘di; Hamzā Badāyūnī; Muhammad ibn Mustafā (d. 1505-06) are named in different sources).

Munsha‘ib. n.d. Munsha‘ib by Hamzā Badāyūnī (Sirājuddīn Awadhī is also named in some sources).

Muqaddamāt. n.d. Jama’al-Muqaddamāt [two works on sarf: Amsalāh and Sharh Amsalāh. Taught in Shi’ā madrasās].

Panj. c. 14C. Panj Ganj, probably by Sirāj al-Dīn Usmānī al-Awadhī (d. 1356).

Sarf (M). c. 14C. Sarf-i Mīr by ‘Alī ibn Muhammad Mīr Sayyid al-Sharīf al-Jurjānī (1339-1413).

Shāfiyah. c. 13C. al-Shāfiyah by Jamāl al-Dīn Abi ‘Amr ‘Uthmān ibn ‘Umar ibn al-Hājib (1174-1248).

Sīgha. 1859. ‘Ilm al-Sīgha by ‘Ināyat Ahmad Kākōrvī (1812-1863).

Nahw (syntax)

‘Aqīl. c. 14C. Sharh Ibn-i ‘Aqīl by Bahā’ al-Din ‘Abd Allāh bin Ahmad Ibn ‘Aqīl (1298-1367).

Hidāyat. c. 14C Hidāyat al- Nahw by Sirāj al-Dīn al-Awadhī or Hayyān al-Andalūsī.

*Irshād (N). c. 15C Al-Irshād fi’ l-nahw by Qāzī Shahāb al-Din al-Ghaznawī ad-Daulatābādī (d 1455).

Jāmī. c. 15C. Sharh kāfiyāh (Mullā Jāmī) by Abū Barkat Nur al-Din ‘Abd al-Rahmān Jāmī (1414-1492).

Kāfiyāh . c. 13C. Al Kāfiyāh fī ‘l-Nahw by Ibn- Hājib.

Mi’at. c. 11C. Mi’at ‘Āmil by ‘Abd al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī (d. 1078).

Misbāh. c. 13C. al-Misbāh fi‘l-Nahw by Abul Fath Nāsir bin al-Sayyid Abī‘l-Mukarram ibn ‘Alī al-khawārizmi al-Mutarrizī (1143-1209 or 1213)

Nahw (M). c. 14C. Nahw-i Mīr by Sharīf al-Jurjānī.

Sharh. c. 14C. Sharh Mi’at Āmil by Sharīf al-Jurjāni or others?

Rhetoric/Poetics

*Miftāh. c. 12 C. Miftāh al-‘Ulūm by Sirāj al-Dīn Abū Ya‘qūb Yūsuf ibn ‘Alī ibn Muhammad al-Sakkākī (d. 1228).

Mukhtasar. 1355. Mukhtasar al-Ma‘anī by Sa’d al-Dīn Mas‘ūd Ibn ‘Umar al Sa‘d al- Taftāzānī (1322-1389).

Mutawwal. 1347. al-Taftāzānī.

Talkhīs c. 13C. Talkhīs al-Miftāh by Abū ‘Abd Allāh Muhammad bin ‘Abd al-Rahmān Jalāl al-Dīn Muhammad Qazwīnī (1268-1338).

Literature

*‘Ajab c. 19 C. ‘Ajab al-‘Ujāb fī mā Yufid al-Kuttāb by Ahmad bin Muhammad al-Shirwānī al-Yamanī (d. 1840).

Hamāsah. c. 9C. Dīwān-i Hamāsah compiled by Abū Tammām Habīb (786-845).

Maqāmāt. c. 12 C. Maqāmāt al-Harīrī by Abū Muhammad al-Qāsim al-Harīrī (1054-1121 or 1122).

Mutamabbī. c. 10C. Dīwān al-Mutanabbī by Abū at-Tayyab Ahmad Ibn Husayn al-Mutanabbī (915-965).

*Nafhat al-Yaman. c. 1820S. by Ahmad al-Yamanī.

Nafhat. c. 20 C. Nafhat ul-‘Arab by Muhammad ‘Aizāz ‘Alī (1883-1955).

Nahj al-Balāghah. c 10 C. by ‘Alī ibn Abī Tālib [mostly taught in Shi’ā madrasās]

Qasīdāh. c. 7C. Qasīdāh al-Burdah by Ka‘b bin Zuhair (d. 645).

Sab‘a. c. 7C Sab‘a Mu‘allaqāt by several pre-Islamic Arab poets narrated by Abul Qāsim Hammād bin Sabūr bin al-Mubārak al-Rāwiyah (d. 772).

Box-4

Newer Textbooks of Arabic

Only the most commonly used textbooks are given below. Otherwise, most Arabic texts have translations and explanations in Urdu.

Textbooks of Arabic of all the Textbook Boards of Pakistan from class VI to XII.

Charthāwalī, Mushtāq Ahmad. n.d. ‘Ilm al Sarf. 3 vols. Rawalpindi: Raza Publications.

------. n.d. ‘Ilm al Nahw. Hazro: Maktabā-i Siddīqia.

------. n.d. ‘Arabī Zubān Kā Āsān Qā‘idā [Primer]. Hazro: Maktabā-i Siddīqiā.

------. 1962. Rōzatul Adab. Multan: Maktabā Imdādia.

Misrī, Muhammad Amīn ul. n.d. Al-Tarīqat ul-Jadīdiah fī Tālīm ul Arabia. 2 vols. Al Jamiat ul Islāmiā bil Madīnā Munawwarā.

Nadwī, ‘Abdul Majid. 1951-52. Mu‘allim ul Inshā, vol. 1. Karachi: Majlis Nasharāt-i Islām.

-----.1954-55. Mu‘allim ul Inshā, vol. 2. As above.

-----. 1955. Mu‘allim ul Inshā, vol. 3. As above.

Nadwī, Abul Hasan ‘Ali. n.d. Al-Qirat ul Rāshidā, 3 vols.

-----. n.d. Mukhtārāt Min Adab ul ‘Arab, 2 vols.

-----. n.d. Qasas al Nabi’īn.

Razzāk, ‘Abdul. 1980. Al-Tarīqat ul-Asriāh fī Talīm al- Lughat al ‘Arabia. Rawalpindi: Urdū Bazār (copy used in Pakistani madrasās is dated 1980).

Box 5
DIFFERENCES IN COSTS IN MAJOR TYPES OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS (in Pakistani rupees)
Institution	Average cost per student per year	Payer (s)	Cost to the state
Madrassas	5,714 (includes board and lodging)	Philanthropists + religious organizations	Rs. 1.55 in 2001-02 an additional sum of Rs. 28.60 for subsidies on computers, books etc in some madrassas in 2003-04.
Urdu-medium Schools	2264.5 (only tuition)	State	2264.5
Elitist English medium schools	96,000---for ‘Ā’ level & 36,000 for other levels (only tuition)	Parents	None reported except subsidized land in some cantonments.
Cadet colleges/public schools	90,061 (tuition and all facilities).	Parents + state (average of 6 cadet colleges + 1 public school	14,171 (average of 5 cadet colleges only)
Public universities	68,000	Parents + state (parents pay an average of Rs. 13,000 per year)	55,000
Public Colleges (provincial)	9,572	State + parents (parents pay Rs. 1,591 per year on the average).	7,981
Public Colleges (federal)	21,281	Parents pay Rs 2,525 for B.A on the average.	18,756
Source: Data obtained from several institutions.

STATE OF LANGUAGES OF PAKISTAN

This chart provides information on the availability of written material in a language, especially that which is suitable for teaching small children or illiterate adults. Blank columns mean that no material is available. The information has been obtained from various field researchers and is reasonably sure till February 2004.

Box-6
Language	Material available
Aer
Bagri
Balochi	Alphabet book, primers, folktales, health books, phrase book Balochi-Urdu-English dictionary, printed books on Islamic observances, poetry, modern literature, textbooks etc.
Balti	Ancient records (Devanagari based script); Grammar, parables (Roman); verse, folksongs etc (Nastaliq script)
Bateri
Bhat
Bhaya
Bhil Sindhi	Material in Sindhi may be used.
Brahvi	Alphabet book, primers, folktales, health books, phrase book; Brahvi-Urdu-English dictionary, printed books on Islamic observances, poetry, modern literature, textbooks etc.
Burushaski	Transition primer (Urdu to Burushaski), folktales, bilingual vocabulary: Burushaski-English
Chilisso
Dameli
Dehwari
Dhatki	Alphabet book, primer, transition primer, folktales, stories for children.
Domaaki
Gawar-bati
Ghera
Goaria
Gowro
Gujari	Poetry books, short stories, songs etc.
Gujarati	Primers, grammars, textbooks, books etc. (in India also in computers).
Gurgula
Hazaragi	Alphabet book, folktales, health books, proverbs, stories for children. Material in standard Persian may also be used.
Hindko	Primers, literature, prose, dictionaries, magazines etc.
Jandavra
Jatki	Primers, word lists, grammars. Naskh/Nastaliq
Jogi
Kabutra
Kachchi	Primers of Sindhi may be used
Kachchi (Bhil)
Kachchi (Katiawari)
Kalami	Alphabet book, transition primer, poetry books, collection of texts from Gawri writers’ workshop, proverbs, phrase dictionary Gawri-Urdu-English
Kalasha	Alphabet book, pre-reader, dictionary.
Kalkoti
Kamviri
Kashmiri	Primers, folktales, poetry, textbooks, other books etc. (most of this literature is in India).
Kativiri
Khetrani
Khojki (script not a language)	Ancient records, Ginans, old documents, primers, school textbooks, others books.
Khowar	Primers, grammar, dictionary, folktales, poetry, religious books, other popular books.
Kohistani (Indus)
Koli (Tharadari)
Koli (Kachi)	Alphabet books, folktales, health books, stories for children, primer.
Koli (Parkari)	Alphabet book, primer, folktales, health books, bilingual vocabulary: Parkari-English, stories for children.
Koli (Wadiyara)
Kundal Shahi
Lasi
Loarki
Marwari
Memoni	Primers of Sindhi may be used
Od
Ormuri	Primer, grammar, word list [Roman] verse, prose, grammar, word list Ormuri (Pashto script)
Pashto	All kinds of textbooks and books; usable in computer. (also used in Afghanistan in some domains of power).
Persian	All kinds of books (usable in computer).
Phalura
Panjabi	Books on literature; history; textbooks etc in Nastālīq script. (All kinds of books in the Gurmukhi script in India).
Sansi
Shina	Poetry, grammar, word lists, folktales, songs, religious books etc.
Sindhi	All types of books and in the computers.
Sindhi Bhil
Siraiki	Ancient poetry, modern literature, magazines etc.
Torwali	Lexicographic work using Nastaliq is in progress.
Urdu	All types of books and computers.
Vaghri
Wakhi	Primer, word list, folksongs, proverbs, word lists.
Waneci	Primer, songs, folktales, word lists Nastaliq (Pashto variant)
Yidgha