IDENTITY FORMATION IN SOUTH
ASIA:
Ø THE ROLE OF SYMBOLS IN
COHESION AND DIVISION OF COMMUNITIES.
Ø THE IDEOLOGICAL STANCE OF
HISTORIANS TOWARDS SYMBOLS.
Ø MAJOR AND SUBSIDIARY SYMBOLS
v HINDI-URDU CONTROVERSY
v LANGUAGE MOVEMENTS IN
PAKISTAN
v LANGUAGE MOVEMENTS IN INDIA
v LANGUAGE ISSUES IN SRI LANKA
Ø THE COHESIVE AND DIVISIVE
POTENTIAL OF LANGUAGE
Ø POWER AS THE CENTRAL ISSUE
LANGUAGE AND ETHNIC POLITICS
IN PAKISTAN
Ø LANGUAGE AS A
BOUNDARY-MARKING SYMBOL
Ø THE PRIMORDIALIST /
INSTRUMENTALIST DEBATE REVISITED
Ø RATIONAL / EXTRA-RATIONAL
MOTIVATIONS IN LANGUAGE MOVEMENTS
Ø SPECIFIC EXAMPLES
v BENGALI LANGUAGE MOVEMENT
v SINDHI LANGUAGE MOVEMENT
v PASHTO LANGUAGE MOVEMENT
v BALOCHI LANGUAGE MOVEMENT
v SIRAIKI LANGUAGE MOVEMENT
Ø LANGUAGE MOVEMENTS AS
ATTEMPTS TO CHANGE POWER DISTRIBUTION
Ø THE NATURE OF THE ‘DIVIDE’
IN PAKISTAN AND THE POTENTIAL OF THE ETHNIC DIVIDE.
BOX 1
|
|
|
PAKISTANI
LANGUAGES |
|
LANGUAGE
|
PERCENTAGE OF SPEAKERS |
|
PUNJABI |
44.15
PER CENT |
|
PASHTO |
15.42
PER CENT |
|
SINDHI |
14.10
PER CENT |
|
SIRAIKI |
10.53
PER CENT |
|
URDU |
7.57
PER CENT |
|
BALOCHI |
3.57
PER CENT |
|
OTHERS |
4.66
PER CENT |
|
SOURCE: CENSUS 2001: 107 |
|
Ø THE ASHRAF ELITE WAS
PRO-URDU. THE VERNACULAR PROTO-ELITE WAS PRO-BENGALI
Ø TAMADDUN MAJLIS MADE IN 1947
Ø LANGUAGE MOVEMENT STARTS IN
EARNEST IN 1948
Ø 1948 - NAZIMUDDIN ACCEPTS
DEMAND FOR BENGALI
Ø 1948- JINNAH’S SPEECH IN
FAVOUR OF URDU
Ø 1953- NAZIMUDDIN FAVOURS
ONLY URDU
Ø 21 FEB 52- FIRING ON DACCA
UNIVERSITY STUDENTS