|
BOX-1 |
||
|
LANGUAGE |
PERCENTAGE
OF SPEAKERS |
NUMBER OF
SPEAKERS |
|
Punjabi |
44.15 |
66,225,000 |
|
Pashto |
15.42 |
23,130,000 |
|
Sindhi |
14.10 |
21,150,000 |
|
Siraiki |
10.53 |
15,795,000 |
|
Urdu |
7.57 |
11,355,000 |
|
Balochi |
3.57 |
5,355,000 |
|
Others |
4.66 |
6,990,000 |
|
Source: Census 2001: Table 2.7. The population is assumed to be 150 million in
2003 as it was 132, 352,000 in 1998 and the growth rate is 2.69 per cent. |
||
|
BOX-2 |
||
|
|
MOTHER TONGUE SPEAKERS |
SECOND LANGUAGE SPEAKERS |
|
Hindi |
366,000,000 |
487,000,000 |
|
Urdu |
60,290,000 |
104,000,000 |
|
Total |
426,290,000 |
591,000,000 |
|
Grand Total: Mother
tongue + second language speakers of Urdu-Hindi
= 1,017,290,000. Source: Grimes 2000: see under ‘Pakistan’
and ‘India’
entries. |
||
|
BOX-3 |
|||
|
DIFFERENCES
IN COSTS IN MAJOR TYPES OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS (in Pakistani rupees) |
|||
|
Institution |
Average cost per student
per year |
Payer (s) |
Cost to the state |
|
Madrassas |
5,714 (includes board and lodging) |
Philanthropists + religious organizations |
Very little as subsidy on computers, books etc in some madrassas |
|
Urdu-medium Schools |
2264.5 (only tuition) |
State |
2264.5 |
|
Elitist English medium schools |
96,000---for ‘A’ level & 36,000 for other levels (only tuition) |
Parents |
None reported except
subsidized land in some cantonments. |
|
Cadet colleges/public schools |
90,061 (tuition and all facilities). |
Parents + state (average of 6 cadet colleges + 1 public school |
14,171 (average of 5 cadet colleges only) |
|
Source: Data obtained from
several institutions. |
|||
MINOR LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS OF PAKISTAN
The number of language
listed in the Ethnologue (Grimes 2000) for Pakistan is 69. This chart
however, lists only 56 languages and dialects. The major languages (Punjabi,
Sindhi, Pashto, Siraiki, Urdu and Balochi) are given elsewhere. Lexical
similarity and intelligibility of varieties of a language are given if known.
Judgments about a form of speech being a language or a dialect are not given.
However, some of the mutually intelligible varieties of Greater Punjabi
(Potohari, Chachi and Pahari) have not been included in this list.
|
Language or Dialect |
Other Names/ Lexical Similarity to other Languages and Dialects |
Where Spoken |
Speakers |
Source |
|
Aer |
None. 78% lexical
similarity with Katai Meghwar and Kachi Bhil. 76% with Raburi; 76% with Kachi
Koli. |
Jikrio Goth around Deh
333, Hyderabad and Jamesabad. Also in Kach Bhuj in Gujrat (India). |
200 in 1996 |
Grimes 2000: 589 |
|
Badeshi see Persian |
(Badakhshi) Dialect of
Persian. Lexical similarity with Persian, Badakshan variety. |
Bishigram, (Chail) Valley,
(Swat, Kohistan) |
400 plus in 2002 |
Grimes 2000: 589; SSNP
Zaman 2004 |
MINOR LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS OF PAKISTAN
|
Bagri |
(Bahgri ; Bagria; Bagris;
Baorias; Bauri). Dialect of Rajasthani 74% lexical similarity with Marwari
Bhil of Jodhpur; 54% with Jandavra. |
Sindh and Punjab (nomadic
between India and Pakistan) |
200,000 in Pakistan
including 100,000 in Sindh |
Grimes 2000: 589. |
|
Balti |
Baltistani, Sbalti |
Baltistan |
27,000-300,000 |
SSNP-2: 8 & Grimes
2000 |
|
Bateri |
(Bateri Kohistani; Batera Kohistan;
Baterawal; Baterawal Kohistani) 58-61% lexical similarity with Indus
Kohistani; 60% with Gurgula. |
Indus Kohistan Batera
village (East of Indus North of Besham) |
20,000-30,000 (in 1992) |
Breton 1997: 200; Grimes
2000 |
|
Bhaya |
Lexical similiarity to
Marwari sweeper 84% and to Malhi 75%; Bhat 73%; Goaria,72-73%; Sindhi Meghwar
70-73%, Sindhi Bhil 63-71% and Urdu 70%. |
Kapri Goth near Khipro
Mirpur Khas (Lower Sindh) |
70-700 (in 1998) |
Grimes 2000 |
|
Brahvi |
Brohi, Brahuidi, Kurgalli,
Brahuigi, (no similarity with any language in Pakistan but with many loan
words from Persian, Balochi and Urdu. |
Kalat region and East
Balochistan. Also spoken by small communities in Sindh and Iran etc. |
2,000,000 in Pakistan and
2,210,000 in all countries (1998). |
Grimes 2000: 590. |
MINOR LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS OF PAKISTAN
|
Burushaski |
Mishaski, Biltum,
Werchikwar Khajuna (language isolate with no similarity with any language.
Some words borrowed from Urdu, English and Shina). |
Hunza, Nagar, Yasin
valleys (Northern areas) |
55,000-60,000 (in 1981) |
SSNP-2: 37 Grimes 2000: 590. |
|
Chilisso |
(Chiliss, Galos) 70%
lexical similarity with Indus Kohistani; 65-68% with Gowro; 50% Bateri;
48-65% with Shina. |
Koli, Palas, Jalkot Indus
Kohistan |
1600-3000 (in 1992) |
Breton 1997: 200 &
Grimes 2000: 590. |
|
Dameli |
(Gudoji, Damia, Damedi,
Damel) 44% lexical similarity with Gawar-Bati, Savi, and Phalura, 33% with
Kamviri, 29% with Kativiri. |
Damel Valley (Southern
Chitral) |
2000-5000 (in 1992) |
SSNP-5: 11 Grimes 2000:
590. |
|
Dehwari also see Persian |
(Deghwari) Iranian
language somewhat close to Persian and influenced by Brahvi. |
Kalat, Mastung (Central
Balochistan) |
10,000-13,000 (in 1998) |
Breton 1997: 200 &
Grimes 2000: 590. |
MINOR LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS OF PAKISTAN
|
Dhatki |
(Dhati) Dialects are
Eastern, Southern and Central Dhatki, Malhi and Barage. Varies from Northern
Marwari but intelligible. 70-83% lexical similarity with Marwari dialects. |
Lower Sind in Tharparkar
and, Sanghar. |
200,000 plus (in 1987) |
Grimes 2000: 590 |
|
Domaaki |
(Domaski, Doma) loan words
from Shina and Burushaski but not intelligible to speakers of both. |
Mominabad (Hunza &
Nagar) |
300 plus (in 2002) |
SSNP 2: 79; Grimes 2000:
590. Personal observation in 2002. |
|
Gawar-Bati |
(Narsati, Nurisati,
Gowari, Aranduiwar, Satr, Gowar-bati) 47% lexical similarity with Shumashti,
44% with Dameli, 42% with Savi and Grangali. |
Southern Chitral, Arandu,
Kunar river along Pakistan-Afghanistan border |
1500 (in 1992) |
SSNP-5: 156 Breton 1997:
200 & Grimes 2000: 591. |
|
Ghera |
(Sindhi Ghera, Bara) Quite
different grammatically from Gurgula and similar to Urdu. 87% lexical similarity
with Gurgula. 70% with Urdu. |
Hyderabad Sindh |
10,000 (in 1998) |
Grimes 2000 |
MINOR LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS OF PAKISTAN
|
Goaria |
75-83% lexical similarity
with Jogi; 76-80% with Marwari sweeper; 72-78% with Marwari Meghwar; 70-78%
with Loarki. |
Cities of Sindh |
20,000-25,000 (in 1998) |
Grimes 2000: 591 |
|
Gowro |
(Gabaro, Gabar Khel) 62%
lexical similarity with Indus Kohistani; 60% with Bateri; 65-68% with
Chilisso; 40-43% with Shina. |
Indus Kohistan (on the
eastern bank, Kolai Area, Mahrin village) |
200 or less (in 1990) |
Breton 1997: 200 & Grimes 2000: 591. |
|
Gujari |
(Gujuri, Gojri, Gogri
Kashmir Gujuri, Gujuri Rajasthani) close to Hindko and related varieties of
Greater Punjabi. 64-94% lexical similarity among dialects. |
Swat, Dir, Northern areas,
Azad Kashmir and Punjab |
300,000-700,000 plus (in 1992) |
SSNP-3: 96 & Grimes
2000: 591. |
|
Gujrati |
(Gujrati) |
Karachi, other parts of
Sindh. Major language in India. |
45,479,000 in India and
46,100,000 in all countries. Probably 100,000 in Pakistan. |
Grimes 2000: 439 and 591. |
MINOR LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS OF PAKISTAN
|
Gurgula |
(Marwari, Ghera) 87%
Lexical similarity with Ghera |
Karachi, cities of Sindh |
35,000 (in 1998) |
Grimes 2000 |
|
Hazargi |
(Hazara, Hezareh,
Hezare’i) similar to Persian |
Quetta and other cities of
Pakistan. Also in Afghanistan. |
220,000 (in 1998) |
Grimes 2000: 592. |
|
Hindko |
(Hazara Hindko, Peshawar
Hindko, Hindki) a variety of Greater Punjabi. Intelligible to Punjabi and
Siraiki speakers. |
Mansehra, Abbottabad,
Haripur, Attock Districts. The inner city of Peshawar and Kohat etc. |
3,000,000 in 1993 i.e.
2.4% of the population. |
Grimes 2000: 592. |
|
Jandavra |
(Jhandoria) 74% lexical
similarity with Bagri and Katai Meghwar, 68% with Kachi Koli. |
Southern Sindh from
Hyderabad to Mirpur Khas |
5000 (in 1998) |
Grimes 2000: 592. |
|
Jatki |
(Jatgali, Jadgali,
Jat) |
Southern Balochistan and
Southwest Sindh. Also in Iran. |
100,000 in both countries (1998) |
Grimes 2000: 592. |
|
Kabutra |
(Nat, Natra)
intelligibility with Sansi and Sochi. 74% lexical similarity with Sochi. |
Umarkot, Kunri, Nara Dhoro
(Sindh) |
1,000 (in 1998) |
Grimes 2000 |
|
Kachchi |
(Cutch, Kachi) similar to
Sindhi. |
Karachi |
50,000 (in 1998) |
Grimes 2000: 592. |
MINOR LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS OF PAKISTAN
|
Kalami |
(Bashgharik, Dir
Kohistani, Bashkarik, Diri, Kohistani, Dirwali, Kalami Kohistani, Gouri,
Kohistani, Bashkari, Gawri, Garwi) |
Upper Swat Khoistan from
Kalam to upper valleys also in Dir Kohistan |
60,000-70,000 (in 1995) |
Baart 1999: 4 |
|
|
Kalasha |
(Kalashwar, Urtsuniwar,
Kalashamon, Kalash) |
Kalash Valleys (Chitral)
Southern |
2900-5700 (in 1992) |
SSNP-5: 11; Grimes 2000:
593. |
|
|
Kalkoti |
69% lexical similarity
with Kalami but Kalami speakers do not understand Kalkoti. |
Dir Kohistan in Kalkot
village |
6000 (in 2002) |
Breton 1997: 200; Zaman
2002; Grimes 2000: 593 |
|
|
Kamviri |
(Skekhani, Kamdeshi, Lamertiviri,
Kamik) there is a variety of Kativiri also called Skekhani. |
Chitral (Southern end of
Bashgal Valley) |
2000 (in 1992) |
SSNP-5: 143; Grimes 2000:
593. |
|
|
Kashmiri |
(Keshuri) |
The Valley of Kashmir
& Diaspora in Pakistan |
4,391,000 in India. About
105,000 in Pakistan (in 1993) |
Breton 1997: 200; Grimes:
2000: 593 |
|
|
Kativiri |
(Bashgali, Kati,
Nuristani, Shekhani) Eastern Kativiri in Pakistan. |
(Chitral) Gobar Linkah
Valleys |
3700-5100 (in 1992) |
Grimes 2000: 593; Strand
2004. |
|
MINOR LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS OF PAKISTAN
|
Khetrani |
Similar to Siraiki but
influence by Balochi |
Northeast Balochistan |
Few thousand (in 1987) |
Grimes 2000: 593. |
|
Khowar |
(Chitrali, Qashqari,
Arniya, Patu, Kohwar, Kashkara) |
Chitral, Northern areas,
Ushu in northern Swat |
250,000 plus (in 1993) |
SSNP-5: 11 Breton 1997:
200; Grimes 2000: 593. |
|
Kohistani |
(Indus Kohistani, Dir
Kohistani, Kohiste, Khili, Maiyon, Maiya, Shuthun, Mair) |
Indus Kohistan West bank
of river |
220,000 (in 1993) |
Grimes 2000: 594. |
|
Koli Kachi |
(Kachi, Koli, Kachi Koli) similar to Sindhi
and Gujrati (78% lexical similarity) but being influenced more by Sindhi in
Pakistan. Its dialects are Rabari, Kachi Bhil, Vagri, Katai Meghwar,
Zalavaria Koli and Tharadari Koli. |
(Lower Sindh) around Towns
of Tando Allahyar & Tando Adam also in India around the Rann of Kach. |
170,000 (in 1998) |
Grimes 2000: 594. |
|
Koli Parkari |
Parkari (Lexical
similarity with Marwari Bhil and Tharadari) 77-83% lexical similarity with
Marwari Bhil; 83% with Tharadari Koli |
Lower Thar Desert Nagar Parkar. Also in
India. |
30,000 (in 1980) |
Grimes 2000: 594. |
MINOR LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS OF PAKISTAN
|
Koli Wadiyara |
(Wadiyara, Wadhiyara)
intelligibility with Kachi Koli and its varieties. |
Sindh in an area bounded
by Hyderabad, Tando Allahyar and Mirpur Khas in the north, and Matli and
Jamesabad in the South. |
175,000-180,000 in
Pakistan). Total in Pakistan and India 360,000 (1998). |
Grimes 200: 594. |
|
|
Kundal Shahi |
|
Neelam Valley, Azad
Kashmir |
500 (in 2003) |
Baart and Rehman 2003 |
|
|
Lasi |
(Lassi) similar to Sindhi
but influenced by Balochi. |
Las Bela District (south east Balochistan) |
15,000 (in 1998) |
Grimes 2000: 594. |
|
|
Loarki |
82% lexical similarity
with Jogi and 80% with Marwari. |
Sindh---various places |
25,000 (in 1998) |
Grimes 2000 |
|
|
Marwari |
(Rajasthani, Meghwar,
Jaiselmer, Marawar, Marwari Bhil) 79-83% lexical similarity with Dhatki; 87%
between Southern and Northern Marwari; 78% Marwari Mehwar and Marwari Bhat. |
Northern Marwari in South
Punjab North of Dadu Nawabshah. Southern Marwari in Tando Mohammad Khan and
Tando Ghulam Ali etc. |
220,000 (in 1998) |
Grimes 2000: 595. |
|
|
Memoni |
Similarities to Sindhi and
Gujrati |
Karachi |
Unknown |
Grimes 2000: 595. |
|
MINOR LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS OF PAKISTAN
|
Od |
(Odki) similarity with
Marathi with some Gujrati features. Also influenced by Marwari and Punjabi
70-78% lexical similarity with Marwari, Dhatki and Bagri. |
Scattered in Sindh &
south Punjab |
50,000 (in 1998) |
Grimes 2000: 595. |
|
|
Ormuri |
(Buraki, Bargista) 25-33%
lexical similarity with Pashto. |
Kaniguram (south Waziristan) some in
Afghanistan |
3000? |
SSNP-4: 54 Grimes 2000: 595. |
|
|
Persian |
(Farsi, Madaglashti
Persian in Chitral Dari, Tajik, Badakhshi and the dialects mentioned
earlier). Dialects of Persian spoken in Pakistan. The standard variety is
used for writing. |
Balochistan, Shishikoh
Valley in Chitral, Quetta, Peshawar, etc. |
2000-3000 (in 1992) |
SSNP-5: 11 Grimes 2000: 591. |
|
|
Phalura |
(Dangarik, Ashreti,
Tangiri, Palula, Biyori, Phalulo) 56-58% lexical similarity with Savi; 38-42%
with Shina |
7 villages near Drosh,
Chitral possibly 1 village in Dir Kohistan |
8600 (in 1990) |
SSNP-5: 11; Grimes 2000:
596. |
|
|
Sansi |
(Bhilki) 71% lexical
similarity with Urdu; 83% with Sochi. |
North-western Sindh |
10,000 (in 1998) |
Grimes 2000: 596 |
|
MINOR LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS OF PAKISTAN
|
Shina |
(Sina, Shinaki, Brokpa) |
Giligit, Kohistan, Baltistan
and Ladakh |
500,000 |
SSNP-2: 93; Grimes 2000:
596. |
|
Sindhi Bhil |
(Bhil) close to Sindhi.
Its varieties are Mohrano, Sindhi Meghwar, Badin etc. |
Badin, Matli, Thatta
(Sindh) |
50,000 (in 1998) |
Grimes 2000: 597 |
|
Torwali |
(Kohistani, Bahrain
Kohistani) 44% lexical similarity with Kalkoti and Kalami. |
Chail and Bahrain (Swat) |
60,000 |
Breton 1997: 200; Lunsford
2001; Grimes 2000: 597. |
|
Ushojo |
(Ushoji) 35-50% lexical
similarity with varieties of Shina. |
Upper part of Bishigram
Valley (Chail) in Swat |
1000 (in 2002) |
Zaman 2002; Grimes 2000:
597. |
|
Vaghri |
(Vaghri Koli) 78% lexical
similarity with Wadiyara Koli. |
Sindh many places. Also in
India. |
90,000 in India. 10,000 in
Pakistan. (in 1998) |
Grimes 2000: 597. |
|
Wakhi |
(Kheek, Kheekwar, Wakhani,
Wakhigi, Wakhan) some influence of Burushaski. |
Northern ends of Hunza
& Chitral |
9,000 plus (in 1992) |
SSNP-2: 61; Grimes 2000:
597. |
|
Wanetsi |
(Tarino, Chalgari,
Wanechi) 71-75% lexical similarity with Southern Pashto. |
Harnai (East of Quetta) |
95,000 (in 1998) |
SSNP-4: 51 Breton 1997:
200 Grimes 2000: 598 |
|
Yidgha |
(Yidghah, Luthuhwar)
56-80% lexical similarity with Munji in Afghanistan. Also influenced by
Khowar. |
Upper Lutkoh Valley (Western Chitral) |
5000-6000 (in 1991) |
SSNP-5: 11 Grimes 2000: 598. |
STATE OF THE LANGUAGES OF PAKISTAN
This chart provides
information on the availability of written material in a language, especially
that which is suitable for teaching small children or illiterate adults. The
names of the writers of a primers is given in the third column. The names of
authors of other material has not been given.
|
Language |
Material available |
Names of writers of primers. |
|
Aer |
|
|
|
Badeshi |
Material in standard
Persian may be used. |
Many primers |
|
Bagri |
|
|
|
Balochi |
Alphabet book, primers,
folktales, health books, phrase book Balochi-Urdu-English dictionary, printed
books on Islamic observances, poetry, modern literature, textbooks etc. |
Tan et. al. 1999; Farrell
1986; |
|
Balti |
Ancient records
(Devanagari based script); Grammar, parables (Roman); verse, folksongs etc
(Nastaliq script) |
Hussanabadi 1990 |
|
Bateri |
|
|
|
Bhat |
|
|
|
Bhaya |
|
|
|
Bhil Sindhi |
Material in Sindhi may be
used. |
Many primers. |
|
Brahvi |
Alphabet book, primers,
folktales, health books, phrase book; Brahvi-Urdu-English dictionary, printed
books on Islamic observances, poetry, modern literature, textbooks etc. |
Many primers. |
|
Burushaski |
Transition primer (Urdu to
Burushaski), folktales, bilingual vocabulary: Burushaski-English |
Nasir n.d |
|
Chilisso |
|
|
|
Dameli |
|
|
|
Dehwari |
|
|
STATE OF THE
LANGUAGES OF PAKISTAN
|
Dhatki |
Alphabet book, primer,
transition primer, folktales, stories for children. |
Das et. al. 1991; Payne
1991; various 1991 |
|
Domaaki |
|
|
|
Gawarbati |
|
|
|
Ghera |
|
|
|
Goaria |
|
|
|
Gowro |
|
|
|
Gujari |
Poetry books, short
stories, songs etc. |
Many primers. |
|
Gujrati |
Primers, grammars,
textbooks, books etc. (in India also in computers). |
Many primers. |
|
Gurgula |
|
|
|
Hazargi |
Alphabet book, folktales,
health books, proverbs, stories for children. Material in standard Persian
may also be used. |
HLA 1997 |
|
Hindko |
Primers, literature,
prose, dictionaries, magazines etc. |
Akbar 1994 and other
primers. |
|
Jandavra |
|
|
|
Jatki |
Primers, word lists,
grammars. Naskh/Nastaliq |
Baloch 2003 |
|
Jogi |
|
|
|
Kabutra |
|
|
|
Kachchi |
Primers of Sindhi may be
used |
Many primers |
|
Kachchi (Bhil) |
|
|
|
Kachchi (Katiawari) |
|
|
|
Kalami |
Alphabet book, transition
primer, poetry books, collection of texts from Gawri writers’ workshop,
proverbs, phrase dictionary Gawri-Urdu-English |
KCS 2002; Sagar 2002a;
Sagar 2002b; Shaheen 1989 |
|
Kalasha |
Alphabet book, pre-reader,
dictionary. |
Akbar 1994 |
|
Kalkoti |
|
|
|
Kamviri |
|
|
|
Kashmiri |
Primers, folktales,
poetry, textbooks, other books etc. (most of this literature is in India). |
Many primers. |
|
Kativiri |
|
|
STATE OF THE LANGUAGES OF PAKISTAN
|
Khetrani |
|
|
|
Khojki |
Ancient records, Ginans,
old documents, primers, school textbooks, others books. |
Ali 1989. |
|
Khowar |
Primers, grammar,
dictionary, folktales, poetry, religious books, other popular books. |
Faizi 1987 |
|
Kohistani (Indus) |
|
|
|
Koli (Tharadari) |
|
|
|
Koli (Kachi) |
Alphabet books, folktales,
health books, stories for children, primer. |
Masih and Woodland 1995. |
|
Koli (Parkari) |
Alphabet book, primer,
folktales, health books, bilingual vocabulary: Parkari-English, stories for
children. |
Hoyle 1996; Hoyle, R 1990;
Hoyle, R & Samson 1985; Hoyle, R et. al. 1990. |
|
Koli (Wadiyara) |
|
|
|
Kundal Shahi |
|
|
|
Lasi |
|
|
|
Loarki |
|
|
|
Marwari |
|
|
|
Memoni |
Primers of Sindhi may be
used |
Many primers |
|
Od |
|
|
|
Ormuri |
Primer, grammar, word list
[Roman] verse, prose, grammar, word list Ormuri (Pashto script) |
Barki 1999 |
|
Pashto |
All kinds of textbooks and
books; usable in computer. (also used in Afghanistan in some domains of
power). |
Many primers. |
|
Persian |
All kinds of books (usable
in computer). |
Many primers. |
|
Phalura |
|
|
|
Punjabi |
Books on literature;
history; textbooks etc in Nastaliq script. (All kinds of books in the
Gurmukhi script in India). |
Many primers. |
STATE OF THE LANGUAGES OF PAKISTAN
|
Sansi |
|
|
|
Shina |
Poetry, grammar, word
lists, folktales, songs, religious books etc. |
Taj 1999; Zia 1986; Namus
1961; Kohistani and Schmidt 1996 |
|
Sindhi |
All types of books and in
the computers. |
Many primers. |
|
Sindhi Bhil |
|
|
|
Siraiki |
Ancient poetry, modern
literature, magazines etc. |
Mughal 1987 and other
primers. |
|
Torwali |
Lexicographic work using
Nastaliq is in progress. |
Bashir 2002; Kareemi 1982 |
|
Urdu |
All types of books and
computers. |
Many primers. |
|
Vaghri |
|
|
|
Wakhi |
Primer, word list,
folksongs, proverbs, word lists. |
Sakhi 2000 |
|
Wanetsi |
Primer, songs, folktales,
word lists Nastaliq (Pashto variant) |
Askar 1972 |
|
Yidgha |
|
|
DOMAINS OF USE AND VITALITY OF THE
LANGUAGES OF PAKISTAN
|
Language |
Domains of Use |
Vitality |
Source |
|
Aer |
Used in all functions
within the group. Worship songs in Gujrati |
Women monolingual. Men
multilingual, generally in Sindhi. No evidence of language shift but shift
possible to Sindhi as children go to school. |
Jeffery 1999 |
|
Badeshi |
Not known |
Language shift to Pashto |
Zaman 2002 |
|
Bagri |
Used in all functions
within the group. Used in weddings; to tell Jokes; in songs. |
All multilingual mostly in
Sindhi. No evidence of language shift. |
Jeffery 1999 |
|
Balti |
Used in all functions within the group. Used by
teachers as informal medium of instruction for small children if they are MT
speakers themselves. Also cultivated by language activists, media persons
(radio announcers etc). |
Some bilingualism in Urdu especially among the
educated and the employed. Positive attitude to MT. Desirous of learning to
read their language. No evidence of language shift. |
Backstrom in SSNP-2 1992 |
|
Bhat |
Not known |
All multilingual mostly in
Marwari. |
Jeffery 1999 |
|
Bhil Sindhi |
Used in traditional
ceremonies and worship. |
Bilingualism in Sindhi. |
Jeffery 1999 |
|
Bateri |
Used in all functions
within the group. |
Some multilingualism in
Pashto and Urdu especially among the educated and those who travel on
business. Positive attitude towards MT. No evidence of language shift. |
Hallberg in SSNP-1 1992. |
DOMAINS OF USE AND VITALITY OF THE
LANGUAGES OF PAKISTAN
|
Bhaya |
Not known |
Shifting to Sindhi and
related to Marwari dialects. |
Grimes 2000: 590 and
Personal information. |
|
Burushaski |
Used in all functions
within the group. Used by teachers as informal medium of instruction. Also
cultivated by language activists, media persons etc. |
Increasing bilingualism in
Urdu and English however, the language is being maintained desirous of
learning Urdu and English but expressing positive feelings for MT. |
Backstrom in SSNP-2 1992 |
|
Chilisso |
Many speakers do not use
the language even at home. |
Bilingualism in Shina.
Language shift to Shina in progress. People want their children to learn
Shina and Urdu. |
Hallberg in SSNP-1 1992. |
|
Dameli |
Spoken by older people at
home but younger people use other languages also. |
Multilingualism in Pashto
and Khowar. However, positive attitude to MT is expressed. Possibility of
language shift to Pashto. |
Decker in SSNP-5 1992. |
|
Dehwari |
Not known |
Influenced by Brahvi |
Grimes 2000: 590. |
|
Dhatki |
Used by the Malhi group
for all functions. Urdu and Sindhi used for songs |
Multilingualism in many
languages. |
Jeffrey 1999. |
|
Domaaki |
Possibly used by very few
elderly people with each other. Most people do not know it. |
Language shift to Burushaki
is complete with no hope of reversal. |
Backstrom in SSNP-2 1992 |
DOMAINS OF USE AND VITALITY OF THE
LANGUAGES OF PAKISTAN
|
Gawar-Bati |
Used for all functions
within the group. |
Multilingualism in Pashto
and to a lesser extent in Khowar. Positive attitude to MT. However, the
language is under pressure by Pashto. |
Decker in SSNP-5 1992 |
|
Ghera |
Used for all functions
within the group. |
Multilingualism in Sindhi
and Urdu. Getting influenced by
both. |
Jeffrey 1999 |
|
Goaria |
Used for all functions
within the group. Hindi used in worship. Children use Sindhi and Urdu. |
Multilingualism in many
languages. Children use Sindhi or Urdu with outsiders. |
Jeffery 1999 |
|
Gowro |
Still spoken by the older
people but younger people mix it with Shina and sometimes speak only Shina. |
Bilingualism in Shina.
Language shift to Shina in progress. |
Hallberg in SSNP-1 1992;
Zaman 2004 |
|
Gujari |
Used in some communities
but not among in Gujars settled in the Punjab and Azad Kashmir. Language
activists are creating literature in the language. Songs, music and other
things are broadcast from the radio and there is a TV programme from India. |
Multilingualism in many
languages and especially Urdu among the educated. In the NWFP, Northern areas
and parts of Azad Kashmir the language is maintained. In the Punjab and near
Muzaffarabad and Mirpur there is language shift to the local languages.
Educated people use Urdu. |
Hallberg and O’ Leary in
SSNP-3 1992 |
DOMAINS OF USE AND VITALITY OF THE
LANGUAGES OF PAKISTAN
|
Gujrati |
Used for conversation
within the family but younger people are switching to Urdu or English
(depending on socio-economic class). All kinds of literature exists. Used in
the media and in the state of Gujrat in India. |
Multilingualism in Urdu
and English as well as other languages. Language shift to Urdu and English is
in progress at least in Pakistan. |
Field research in Karachi. |
|
Gurgula |
Language used within
community is strong. |
Multilingual in many
language. |
Jeffery 1999 |
|
Hazargi |
Used in the group for all
functions. |
Multilingualism with Pashto,
Balochi and Persian. Language is under pressure. |
|
|
Jatki |
Not known |
Not known |
- |
|
Jandavra |
Private. |
People proud of their
language. |
Jeffery 1999 |
|
Jogi |
Used in the group for all
functions. |
Women slightly bilingual
in Sindhi. Men preficent in Sindhi. |
Jeffery 1999 |
|
Kabutra |
Used in the group for all
functions. |
Multilingual in many
languages. Positive attitude and pride in language. No shift. |
Jeffery 1999 |
|
Kachchi (Bhil) |
Used in the group for all
functions. |
Bilingualism in Sindhi.
Being rural it is maintained at presest shift to Sindhi going on. |
Jeffery 1999 |
|
Kachchi (Katiawari) |
Used by older people in
some domains. |
Shift to Sindhi going on. |
Jeffery 1999 |
|
Koli Kachi |
Used for all functions
within the group. |
Multilingualism in Sindhi
but language being maintained. |
Grainger & Grainger
1980: 42 |
DOMAINS OF USE AND VITALITY OF THE
LANGUAGES OF PAKISTAN
|
Koli Parkari |
Used for all functions
within the group. |
Multilingualism in Sindhi
but language being maintained. |
Grainger & Grainger
1980: 42 |
|
Koli Wadiyara |
Used for all functions
within the group. |
Multilingualism in Sindhi
but language being maintained. |
Jeffery 1999 |
|
Koli Tharadari |
Used for all functions
within the group. |
Men Multilingual in many
languages. Women and children maintain the language |
Jeffery 1999 |
|
Kalami |
Used for all functions
within the group. |
Widespread bilingualism in
Pashto. Educated people also know Urdu. Attitude towards MT positive and no
language shift is observed. |
Rensch in SSNP-1 1992 |
|
Kalasha |
Used for all functions
within the group. |
Positive attitude to MT
but those who convert to Islam shift to Khowar or the language of the spouse.
Some multilingualism in Khowar and Urdu because of tourism and education. The
language is under pressure and there is a possibility of language shift. |
Decker in SSNP-5 1992. |
|
Kalkoti |
- |
Kalami used is a second
language. Most people also speak Pashto. |
Grimes 2000: 593. |
|
Kamviri |
Used for all function
within the group. |
Multilingualism in Pashto
and surrounding languages. Positive attitude to MT but under pressure by
Pashto. |
Decker in SSNP-5 1992. |
DOMAINS OF USE AND VITALITY OF THE
LANGUAGES OF PAKISTAN
|
Kashmiri |
Small diaspora in Pakistan
but used for all function within the Valley of Kashmir held by India. All
kinds of literature available. Used in media and in teaching etc. Also taught
at university level. |
Multilingualism with Urdu
and the local languages. Language shift in progress in Pakistan but is
maintained in India. |
Aziz 1983; Bukhari 2000. |
|
Kativiri |
Used in all functions
within the group. |
Positive attitude towards
the MT but men multilingual in Pashto and surrounding languages. Difficult to
predict language shift. |
Decker in SSNP-5 1992. |
|
Khetrani |
|
|
|
|
Khowar |
Used in all domains in the
group. Used by teachers as informal medium of instruction for small children
if they are MT speakers themselves. Also cultivated by language activists,
media persons (radio, TV announcers etc). |
Some bilingualism in
Pashto, local languages and Urdu, the last especially among the educated and
the employed. Positive attitude to MT. Desirous of learning to read their
language. No language shift observed. |
Decker in SSNP-5 1992. |
|
Kohistani (Indus) |
Used for all functions
within the group. |
Multilingualism in Pashto
and Shina is not common even among them. Positive attitude towards MT. People
want it as a medium of instruction for small children. No language shift is
observed. |
Hallberg in SSNP-1 1992. |
DOMAINS OF USE AND VITALITY OF THE
LANGUAGES OF PAKISTAN
|
Koli (Kachi) |
Probably used in the group
|
Bilingualism in Sindhi. |
Jeffrey 1999; Grimes 2000:
594. |
|
Koli Parkari |
Not known |
Bilingualism in Sindhi but
language being maintained. |
Grimes 2000: 594. |
|
Kundal Shahi |
Used only by the elderly
in the family. No longer used by children. |
Language shift to local
language and Urdu in progress. |
Baart and Abdurehman 2003. |
|
Lasi |
Not known |
Not known |
- |
|
Loarki |
Used for all functions
within the Loar group |
Multilingualism in Sindhi
and some knowledge of Urdu. |
Jeffery 1999 |
|
Marwari (Southern) |
Used in all domains of the
group. |
Multilingualism in Sindhi. |
|
|
Memoni |
Probably used by older
speakers in the group as spoken language. |
Most speakers are educated
and multilingual in Sindhi, Urdu and Gujrati. The language is shifting to
these three languages. |
Grimes 2000: 595. |
|
Od |
Used in some Od
communities while others use local languages. |
Multilingualism in
surrounding languages. Language shift in progress in this iterant community. |
Grainger & Grainger
1980: 31 |
|
Ormuri |
Used for most functions in
the Kaniguram area. Words of Pashto are common among young people. |
Bilingualism with Pashto.
Though positive attitude to MT is expressed, language shift to Pashto is
visible. |
Hallberg in SSNP-4 1992:
Barki PC 2000. |
|
Persian |
Used for speaking in
different groups. |
Standard Persian is used
if written. |
Personal observation. |
DOMAINS OF USE AND VITALITY OF THE
LANGUAGES OF PAKISTAN
|
Phalura |
Used at home. Used
informally by teachers. |
Multilingualism in Khowar,
Pashto and Urdu. Language shift to Khowar in evidence. However, ethnic
Kalasha have shifted to Phalura in some areas. Vitality picture mixed. |
Decker in SSNP-5 1992. |
|
Rabari |
Used in all domains of the
group. |
Being maintained. |
Jeffery 1999 |
|
Sansi |
Used for worship and
weddings. |
Multilingualism in Sindhi
and slightly in Urdu and Siraiki. No language shift observed. |
Jeffery 1999 |
|
Shina |
Used in all domains in the
group. Used by teachers as informal medium of instruction for small children
if they are MT speakers themselves. Also cultivated by language activists,
media persons (radio announcers etc). |
Considerable bilingualism
in Urdu especially among the educated and the employed. Positive attitude to
MT. Ambivalent about learning to read their language. No language shift
observed. However, there is pressure of Urdu. |
Backstrom in SSNP-2 1992 |
|
Sochi |
Used in singing, weddings
and telling stories. |
Multilingualism in Sindhi
and slightly in Urdu. |
Jeffery 1999 |
|
Torwali |
Not known |
Men bilingual in Pashto
but language being maintained. |
Grimes 2000: 597 |
|
Ushojo (Ushuji) |
Used at home at least by
the older speakers. There is much mixing of Pashto. |
Multilingualism in Pashto
and Torwali but educated people know Urdu. Young people who know the MT use
Pashto in some areas. Language is under threat from Pashto. Language vitality
is varied and mixed. |
Decker in SSNP-1 1992 |
DOMAINS OF USE AND VITALITY OF THE
LANGUAGES OF PAKISTAN
|
Vaghri |
Used in private domains. |
Bilingualism in Sindhi.
Positive attitude to the language in spite of pressures. |
Jeffery 1999 |
|
Wakhi |
Used in all domains of the
group. Language activists and radio broadcasters also cultivate it. |
Bilingualism with Urdu
among younger, educated people. Also knowledge of Burushaski. Positive
attitude towards MT. Desirous of learning the written language in school.
However, the language is under pressure from Urdu. |
Backstrom in SSNP-2 1992 |
|
Wanetsi (Waneci) |
Used in private domains
but those who live in cities do not use it. |
Bilingualism with Pashto.
Positive attitude towards MT. However, under pressure from Pashto. |
Hallberg in SSNP-4 1992.
Askar n.d. |
|
Yidgha |
Used for in group
functions. Used informally by teachers and for explaining religious texts. |
Multilingualism in Khowar
and sometimes Urdu, Persian and Bashgali. Language shift to Khowar in
evidence. |
Decker in SSNP-5 1992. |