List of Abbreviations

ix

Glossary

xi

Translation and Transliteration

xii

Preface

xiii

1.

Introduction

1

2.

Theoretical Preliminaries

8

3.

British Language Policies and Imperialism

23

4.

The Vernacular-English Controversy

39

5.

The Urdu-Hindi Controversy

59

6.

The Bengali Language Movement

79

7.

The Sindhi Language Movement

103

8.

The Pashto Language Movement

133

9.

The Language Movements of Balochistan

155

10.

The Siraiki Movement

173

11.

The Punjabi Movement

210

12.

The Urdu-English Controversy

228

Conclusion

249

Appendix

A.

Language-wise Publications

261

B.

Language-wise Allocation of Time on the TV

262

C.

Language-wise Allocation of Time on the Radio

263

D.

Grant-in-Aid to Institutions for the Promotion of Languages

264

E.

Budgets of Institutions for the Promotion of Languages

265

F.

District-wise distribution of Languages

267

G.

Aid by the State to English-medium Schools

270

Bibliography

271

Index

315

Map

1.

Provinces of Pakistan with proposed Siraiki Province

Between pages 178 & 179

2.

The Proposed Siraiki Province (as claimed by Siraiki leaders

3.

Language map of Pakistan

Between pages 254 & 255

4.

District-wise language map